Schedule Packing

Schedule packing is an optimization technique that can be used on scheduling problems where the goal is to minimize the total length (makespan) of a schedule. It is very effective on these problems and produces high quality solution quickly.

Schedule packing starts with any schedule satisfying precedence constraints between tasks. It then shifts that schedule, first to the right (forward in time), and then to the left (back to the starting time). For the right shift an arbitrary point in the future is chosen as the endpoint. Tasks are then pulled off the schedule in reverse ending time order and placed in the new, right shifted schedule as close to the endpoint as possible, while still honoring resource and precedence constraints. The left shift is an analogous process where tasks are pulled off the right shifted schedule in starting time order and placed as early as possible, while still honoring precedence and resource constraints.

Repeated iterations of right-left shifts typically results in solutions with short makespans, although on any particular iteration the schedule length may go up or down. This technique also scales well as problem sizes increase, and has been used to produce the best known results on a standard benchmark related to aircraft manufacturing.

CIRL

Schedule packing was first developed by Barry Fox, at McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing). A very similar algorithm, doubleback optimization, was developed independently, but somewhat later, by James Crawford at CIRL. The general concepts of schedule packing and doubleback optimization are the same. They differ only in the details.

CIRL has applied schedule packing to a number of benchmark scheduling problems, most notably a 575 task, 17 resource problem derived from an actual problem from an aircraft manufacturer. Recent work at CIRL has focused on adding limited randomization to the algorithm to help it escape local minima.

It is also worth noting that schedule packing, in some sense, inspired squeaky wheel optimization, a more general purpose search technique that was also developed at CIRL. Schedule packing can in fact be viewed as a domain specific implementation of squeaky wheel.

Pointers

An Approach to Resource Constrained Project Scheduling
This paper by James Crawford gives an overview of how CIRL has tackled Resource Constrained Project Scheduling (RCPS) problems. The approach is based on the combination of schedule packing/doubleback optimization with limited discrepancy search (LDS), and generates the best known solutions to benchmark problems of realistic size and character. It appeared in the 1996 Artificial Intelligence and Manufacturing Research Planning Workshop. Postscript.

Parent areas:
Nonsystematic Search

Application program:
Aircraft Assembly

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